Dangerous working conditions nationwide sparked the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) in 1970. The goal of the OSH Act is to protect workers from harm on the job.
President Richard Nixon signed the OSH Act into law, which led to the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1971 as an agency within the United States Department of Labor. Fast forward 50 years, and the workforce has nearly doubled and injury and illness rates have been cut by more than half.
OSHA sets rules that serve as a baseline for safety and health protection in American workplaces. Its mission is to ensure all workers have safe working conditions by setting and enforcing standards. It also provides employers and employees with training, outreach, education, and assistance to take on safety challenges.
OSHA standards explain the minimum requirements for safety that employers must meet to protect their employees from workplace hazards, as authorized by Congress in the OSH Act. Most private-sector employers and their employees in all 50 states are covered under OSHA.
Individual states are encouraged to establish and administer their own health and job safety requirements. As of 2020, there are 22 of these State Plans. OSHA requires these plans to be at least as effective as OSHA in protecting workers and preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths.
OSHA's nationwide standards are found in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). While some sections of the regulations are for specific industries (such as construction and agriculture), most employers fall under OSHA's "general industry" rules in 29 CFR Part 1910.
In addition to the specific standards, every employer has a general duty to provide their employees with a hazard-free work environment, under OSHA's General Duty Clause. Managers need to know what rules apply to their industry, but also understand any additional steps that may be necessary to cover all the bases of workplace safety.
OSHA doesn't cover the self-employed, churches, federal and state governments, domestic service employers, farms with only immediate family members as employees, and businesses that are regulated by other Federal agencies, such as the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Here's an overview of OSHA safety standards that will apply to most industries, grouped into general topics:
In addition to General Industry, OSHA has regulations for specific industries in 1910 Subpart R. They include:
A few major industries have entire sections of regulations, which they follow instead of the General Industry rules. These include:
Employees and supervisors all need to know how to approach and control the hazards related to their day-to-day tasks. This is where a written safety plan can be a valuable training tool. There are specific workplace conditions, activities, and chemicals that require an OSHA Safety Plan, including:
To help, OSHA has sample safety and health programs to use as guidance for developing custom programs to tailor to specific workplaces.
OSHA enforces its regulations and standards by conducting inspections. An OSHA inspector will take a walk through a facility to look for hazards and practices that might prevent the facility from operating safely. It would be impractical for OSHA to inspect every single workplace, so there are four priority levels for inspections:
If OSHA becomes aware of workplace conditions that could reasonably cause death or serious physical harm, an inspection will be made as soon as possible.
In response to an event that results in serious harm, OSHA will inspect the facility where the event occurred. This includes hospitalization of an employee, an amputation, or physical loss of an eye.
When workers alert OSHA to a hazard in their workplace, these allegations are taken seriously. OSHA also follows up on referrals from other agencies, organizations, and individuals.
OSHA's ordinarily scheduled inspections prioritize industries with a history of injuries and illnesses.
If OSHA finds violations of its standards in one inspection, a follow-up inspection will often be scheduled to confirm that the employers have taken the necessary steps to improve safety.
OSHA also focuses its inspections on specific facilities with high injury rates, as part of its Site-Specific Targeting (SST) program, based on the injury and illness information employers submit to OSHA through the Injury Tracking Application. After an inspection, the compliance officers will review findings and decide if a citation is necessary.
Citations are made to address violations of OSHA standards and safety hazards that inspectors identify in their inspection. After an inspection, OSHA has six months to issue any citations, give deadlines for correcting hazards, and propose penalties.
Penalty amounts vary depending on the type of citation given by OSHA. If a citation is given, OSHA will provide instructions on how to respond by either paying the fine, appealing the citation, or formally contesting the citation or penalty. The best way to prevent a citation is to comply with OSHA standards.
Each year, OSHA shares its most cited standards in its top 10 most frequently cited regulations list. This list serves as a great reminder and tool for teams to reflect on ongoing workplace challenges and how to better manage them.
Signs play a significant role in workplace safety by providing important information where people need it most. OSHA has requirements for signs and tags that are made to identify hazards that could harm people or damage your property in 1910.145. This standard outlines sign design requirements and when to use safety signs.
All types of workplaces and industries can benefit from safety signs and other supporting visuals to improve workplace communication while meeting OSHA compliance. Facilities can order standardized premade safety signs to communicate general health and safety notices to meet broad needs or create custom OSHA safety signs to comply with the applicable standard using industrial printing systems and supplies.
OSHA offers an overall baseline for safety best practices to keep at the forefront of all types of operations. Staying on top of workplace safety remains a top priority industry-wide, especially as growth and demand increases, bringing new safety challenges. The best way to sustain a safe workplace is to follow OSHA safety standards and periodically review safety programs to update as necessary when new hazards appear or when work changes.
Managers can get useful strategies to help navigate health and safety obstacles in our Best Practice Guide for EHS Managers. Get tools and recommendations for implementing a successful occupational safety and health plan or injury and illness prevention program (IIPP) to reduce workplace injuries and achieve OSHA compliance.